//     Backbone.js 1.2.2

//     (c) 2010-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
//     For all details and documentation:
//     http://backbonejs.org

(function(factory) {

  // Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
  // We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
  var root = (typeof self == 'object' && self.self == self && self) ||
            (typeof global == 'object' && global.global == global && global);

  // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
    define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], null);

  // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
  } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
    var _ = require('underscore'), $;
    try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch(e) {}
    factory(root, exports, _, $);

  // Finally, as a browser global.
  } else {
    root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
  }

}(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {

  // Initial Setup
  // -------------

  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
  var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;

  // Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;

  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
  Backbone.VERSION = '1.2.2';

  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
  // the `$` variable.
  Backbone.$ = $;

  // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
  // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
  Backbone.noConflict = null;

  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
  // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;

  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
  // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
  // form param named `model`.
  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;

  // Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
  // `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
  //
  // collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
  // collection.each(this.addView);
  //
  // `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
  var addMethod = function(length, method, attribute) {
    switch (length) {
      case 1: return null;
      case 2: return null;
      case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
        return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
      };
      case 4: return null;
      default: return null;
    }
  };
  var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, methods, attribute) {
    _.each(methods, function(length, method) {
      if (_[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(length, method, attribute);
    });
  };

  // Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
  var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
    if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
    if (_.isString(iteratee)) return null;
    return iteratee;
  };
  var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
    var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
    return null;
  };

  // Backbone.Events
  // ---------------

  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
  // a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
  // remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
  // succession.
  //
  //     var object = {};
  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
  //     object.trigger('expand');
  //
  var Events = Backbone.Events = {};

  // Regular expression used to split event strings.
  var eventSplitter = /\s+/;

  // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
  // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
  // maps `{event: callback}`).
  var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
    var i = 0, names;
    if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
      // Handle event maps.
      if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
      for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
        events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
      }
    } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
      // Handle space separated event names by delegating them individually.
      for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
        events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
      }
    } else {
      // Finally, standard events.
      events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
    }
    return events;
  };

  // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
  // the callback to all events fired.
  Events.on = null;

  // Guard the `listening` argument from the public API.
  var internalOn = function(obj, name, callback, context, listening) {
    obj._events = eventsApi(onApi, obj._events || {}, name, callback, {
        context: context,
        ctx: obj,
        listening: listening
    });

    if (listening) {
      var listeners = obj._listeners || (obj._listeners = {});
      listeners[listening.id] = listening;
    }

    return obj;
  };

  // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
  // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
  // for easier unbinding later.
  Events.listenTo =  function(obj, name, callback) {
    if (!obj) return this;
    var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
    var listening = listeningTo[id];

    // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
    // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
    if (!listening) {
      var thisId = this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
      listening = listeningTo[id] = {obj: obj, objId: id, id: thisId, listeningTo: listeningTo, count: 0};
    }

    // Bind callbacks on obj, and keep track of them on listening.
    internalOn(obj, name, callback, this, listening);
    return this;
  };

  // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
  var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
    if (callback) {
      var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
      var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
      if (listening) listening.count++;

      handlers.push({ callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening });
    }
    return events;
  };

  // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
  // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
  // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
  // callbacks for all events.
  Events.off =  null;

  // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
  // to every object it's currently listening to.
  Events.stopListening =  null;

  // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
  var offApi = null;

  // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
  // the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
  // are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
  // once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
  Events.once =  null;

  // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
  Events.listenToOnce =  null;

  // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
  // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
  var onceMap = null;

  // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
  // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
  // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
  // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
  Events.trigger =  function(name) {
    if (!this._events) return this;

    var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
    var args = Array(length);
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];

    eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
    return this;
  };

  // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
  var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, cb, args) {
    if (objEvents) {
      var events = objEvents[name];
      var allEvents = objEvents.all;
      if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
      if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
      if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
    }
    return objEvents;
  };

  // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
  // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
  // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
  var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
    var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
    switch (args.length) {
      case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
      case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
      case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
      case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
      default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
    }
  };

  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
  Events.bind   = Events.on;
  Events.unbind = Events.off;

  // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
  // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
  _.extend(Backbone, Events);

  // Backbone.Model
  // --------------

  // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
  // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
  // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
  // performing computations and transformations on that data.

  // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
  var Model = Backbone.Model = null;

  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
  _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {

    // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
    changed: null,

    // The value returned during the last failed validation.
    validationError: null,

    // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
    // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
    idAttribute: 'id',

    // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
    // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
    cidPrefix: 'c',

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: null,

    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
    toJSON: null,

    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
    // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
    sync: null,

    // Get the value of an attribute.
    get: null,

    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
    escape: null,

    // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
    // or undefined.
    has: null,

    // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
    matches: null,

    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
    // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
    // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
    set: null,

    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
    // if the attribute doesn't exist.
    unset: null,

    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
    clear: null,

    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
    hasChanged: null,

    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
    // determining if there *would be* a change.
    changedAttributes: null,

    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
    // `"change"` event was fired.
    previous: null,

    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
    // `"change"` event.
    previousAttributes: null,

    // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
    // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
    fetch: null,

    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
    // state will be `set` again.
    save: null,

    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
    destroy: null,

    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
    // that will be called.
    url: null,

    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
    parse: null,

    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
    clone: null,

    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
    isNew: null,

    // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
    isValid: null,

    // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
    // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
    _validate: null

  });

  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
  // number of arguments they take.
  var modelMethods = { keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
      omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1 };

  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
  addUnderscoreMethods(Model, modelMethods, 'attributes');

  // Backbone.Collection
  // -------------------

  // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
  // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
  // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
  // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
  // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
  // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.

  // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
  // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
  var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
    options || (options = {});
    if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
    if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
    this._reset();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
  };

  // Default options for `Collection#set`.
  var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
  var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};

  // Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
  var splice = null;

  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
  _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {

    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
    // This should be overridden in most cases.
    model: Model,

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
    // models' attributes.
    toJSON: null,

    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
    sync: function() {
      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
    },

    // Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
    // Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
    // combination of the two.
    add: function(models, options) {
      return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
    },

    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
    remove: null,

    // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
    // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
    // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
    // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
    set: function(models, options) {
      if (models == null) return;

      options = _.defaults({}, options, setOptions);
      if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) models = this.parse(models, options);

      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();

      var at = options.at;
      if (at != null) at = +at;
      if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;

      var set = [];
      var toAdd = [];
      var toRemove = [];
      var modelMap = {};

      var add = options.add;
      var merge = options.merge;
      var remove = options.remove;

      var sort = false;
      var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
      var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;

      // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
      // from being added.
      var model;
      for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
        model = models[i];

        // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
        // optionally merge it into the existing model.
        var existing = this.get(model);
        if (existing) {
          if (merge && model !== existing) {
            var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
            if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
            existing.set(attrs, options);
            if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
          }
          if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
            modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
            set.push(existing);
          }
          models[i] = existing;

        // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
        } else if (add) {
          model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
          if (model) {
            toAdd.push(model);
            this._addReference(model, options);
            modelMap[model.cid] = true;
            set.push(model);
          }
        }
      }

      // Remove stale models.
      if (remove) {
        for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
          model = this.models[i];
          if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
        }
        if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
      }

      // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
      var orderChanged = false;
      var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
      if (set.length && replace) {
        orderChanged = this.length != set.length || _.some(this.models, null);
        this.models.length = 0;
        splice(this.models, set, 0);
        this.length = this.models.length;
      } else if (toAdd.length) {
        if (sortable) sort = true;
        splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
        this.length = this.models.length;
      }

      // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
      if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});

      // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort events.
      if (!options.silent) {
        for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
          if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
          model = toAdd[i];
          model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
        }
        if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
        if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length) this.trigger('update', this, options);
      }

      // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
      return singular ? models[0] : models;
    },

    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
    // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
    // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
    // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
    reset: function(models, options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
        this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
      }
      options.previousModels = this.models;
      this._reset();
      models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
      return models;
    },

    // Add a model to the end of the collection.
    push: null,

    // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
    pop: null,

    // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
    unshift: null,

    // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
    shift: null,

    // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
    slice: null,

    // Get a model from the set by id.
    get: null,

    // Get the model at the given index.
    at: null,

    // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
    // `filter`.
    where: function(attrs, first) {
      return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
    },

    // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
    // of `find`.
    findWhere: null,

    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
    // is added.
    sort: null,

    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
    pluck: null,

    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
    // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
    // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
      var success = options.success;
      var collection = this;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
        collection[method](resp, options);
        if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
        collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);
      return this.sync('read', this, options);
    },

    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
    // wait for the server to agree.
    create: null,

    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
    parse: function(resp, options) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
    clone: null,

    // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
    modelId: null,

    // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
    // is first initialized or reset.
    _reset: function() {
      this.length = 0;
      this.models = [];
      this._byId  = {};
    },

    // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
    // collection.
    _prepareModel: null,

    // Internal method called by both remove and set.
    _removeModels: null,

    // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
    // the purposes of adding to the collection.
    _isModel: function (model) {
      return model instanceof Model;
    },

    // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
    _addReference: null,

    // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
    _removeReference: null,

    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
    // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
    // in other collections are ignored.
    _onModelEvent: null

  });

  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
  // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
  // right here:
  var collectionMethods = { forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 4,
      foldl: 4, inject: 4, reduceRight: 4, foldr: 4, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
      select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
      contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
      head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
      without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
      isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
      sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3};

  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
  addUnderscoreMethods(Collection, collectionMethods, 'models');

  // Backbone.View
  // -------------

  // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
  // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
  // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
  // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
  // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
  // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
  // react to specific changes in the state of your models.

  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
  // if an existing element is not provided...
  var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
    this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
    _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
    this._ensureElement();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
  var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;

  // List of view options to be set as properties.
  var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
  _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {

    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
    tagName: 'div',

    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
    // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
    $: function(selector) {
      return this.$el.find(selector);
    },

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: null,

    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
    render: null,

    // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
    // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
    remove: null,

    // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
    // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
    // manipulation API.
    _removeElement: null,

    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
    // view's events on the new element.
    setElement: function(element) {
      this.undelegateEvents();
      this._setElement(element);
      this.delegateEvents();
      return this;
    },

    // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
    // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
    // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
    // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
    // `this.el` property.
    _setElement: function(el) {
      this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
      this.el = this.$el[0];
    },

    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
    //
    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
    //
    //     {
    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
    //       'click .button':     'save',
    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
    //     }
    //
    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
    delegateEvents: function(events) {
      events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
      if (!events) return this;
      this.undelegateEvents();
      for (var key in events) {
        var method = events[key];
        if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
        if (!method) continue;
        var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
        this.delegate(match[1], match[2], _.bind(method, this));
      }
      return this;
    },

    // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
    // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
    // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
    delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
      this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
      return this;
    },

    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
    undelegateEvents: function() {
      if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
      return this;
    },

    // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
    // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
    undelegate: null,

    // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
    _createElement: null,

    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
    // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
    // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
    _ensureElement: function() {
      if (!this.el) {
        var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
        if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
        if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
        this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
        this._setAttributes(attrs);
      } else {
        this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
      }
    },

    // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
    _setAttributes: null

  });

  // Backbone.sync
  // -------------

  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
  //
  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
  //
  // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
  // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
  // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
  // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
  // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
  Backbone.sync = null;

  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
  var methodMap = {
    'create': 'POST',
    'update': 'PUT',
    'patch':  'PATCH',
    'delete': 'DELETE',
    'read':   'GET'
  };

  // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
  // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
  Backbone.ajax = null;

  // Backbone.Router
  // ---------------

  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
    options || (options = {});
    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
    this._bindRoutes();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
  // parts of route strings.
  var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
  var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
  var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
    //
    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
    //       ...
    //     });
    //
    route: function(route, name, callback) {
      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
      if (_.isFunction(name)) {
        callback = name;
        name = '';
      }
      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
      var router = this;
      Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
        var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
        if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
          router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
          router.trigger('route', name, args);
          Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
        }
      });
      return this;
    },

    // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
    // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
    execute: function(callback, args, name) {
      if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
    },

    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
    navigate: null,

    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
    _bindRoutes: function() {
      if (!this.routes) return;
      this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
      var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
      while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
        this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
      }
    },

    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
    // against the current location hash.
    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
                   .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
                   .replace(namedParam, null)
                   .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
      return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
    },

    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
    // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
    // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
      var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
      return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
        // Don't decode the search params.
        if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
        return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
      });
    }

  });

  // Backbone.History
  // ----------------

  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
  // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
  // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
  // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
  // falls back to polling.
  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
    this.handlers = [];
    this.checkUrl = _.bind(this.checkUrl, this);

    // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
      this.location = window.location;
      this.history = window.history;
    }
  };

  // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;

  // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
  var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;

  // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
  var pathStripper = /#.*$/;

  // Has the history handling already been started?
  History.started = false;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {

    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
    // twenty times a second.
    interval: 50,

    // Are we at the app root?
    atRoot: null,

    // Does the pathname match the root?
    matchRoot: function() {
      var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
      var root = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
      return root === this.root;
    },

    // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
    // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
    // of an encoded parameter.
    decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
      return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
    },

    // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
    // fragment contains `?`.
    getSearch: null,

    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
    getHash: function(window) {
      var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
      return match ? match[1] : '';
    },

    // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
    getPath: null,

    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
    getFragment: function(fragment) {
      if (fragment == null) {
        if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
          fragment = this.getPath();
        } else {
          fragment = this.getHash();
        }
      }
      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
    },

    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
    start: function(options) {
      if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
      History.started = true;

      // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
      // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
      this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
      this.root             = this.options.root;
      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
      this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
      this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
      this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
      this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
      this.fragment         = this.getFragment();

      // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
      this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');

      // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
      // requested.
      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {

        // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
        // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
        if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
          var root = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
          this.location.replace(root + '#' + this.getPath());
          // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
          return true;

        // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
        // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
        } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
          this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
        }

      }

      // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
      // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
      // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
      if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
        this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
        this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
        this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
        this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
        var body = document.body;
        // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
        var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
        iWindow.document.open();
        iWindow.document.close();
        iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
      }

      // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
      var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || null;

      // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
      // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
        addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
        this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
      }

      if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
    },

    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
    stop: null,

    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
    // may override previous routes.
    route: function(route, callback) {
      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
    },

    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
    // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
    checkUrl: null,

    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
    // returns `false`.
    loadUrl: function(fragment) {
      // If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
      if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
      fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
      return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
          handler.callback(fragment);
          return true;
        }
      });
    },

    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
    // the fragment in advance.
    //
    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
    // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
    navigate: null,

    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
    // a new one to the browser history.
    _updateHash: null

  });

  // Create the default Backbone.history.
  Backbone.history = new History;

  // Helpers
  // -------

  // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
  // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
  // class properties to be extended.
  var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
    var parent = this;
    var child;

    // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
    // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
    // by us to simply call the parent constructor.
    if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
      child = protoProps.constructor;
    } else {
      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
    }

    // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
    _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);

    // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
    // `parent` constructor function.
    var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
    Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
    child.prototype = new Surrogate;

    // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
    // if supplied.
    if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);

    // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
    // later.
    child.__super__ = parent.prototype;

    return child;
  };

  // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
  Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;

  // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
  var urlError = null;

  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
  var wrapError = function(model, options) {
    var error = options.error;
    options.error = null;
  };

  return Backbone;

}));
